Foot and ankle biomaterials: a comprehensive review of current applications, challenges, and future directions
Metallic biomaterials enable successful reconstruction and fixation of skeletal tissues by supporting repair, load-bearing function, and anatomical alignment in foot and ankle surgery. However, the unique anatomic and biomechanical demands of this region, combined with challenging pathologies such as flatfoot and Charcot neuroarthropathy, present distinct challenges, with effective intervention requiring targeted biomaterial solutions and precise indications.
Fixing geriatric ankle fractures: fibular nail versus locking plate in a prospective multicenter study
Elderly patients with unstable ankle fractures face a high risk of wound and implant-related complications after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Less invasive intramedullary fibular nail (FN) fixation may reduce soft-tissue trauma and enable earlier mobilization.
Source: Springer Nature
12 Causes of Big Toe Joint Pain
Pain in your big toe joint can be due to a sudden injury like the sports-related "turf toe." Chronic health conditions like arthritis, bursitis, bunions, gout, and lesser-known conditions like sesamoiditis can also cause pain, joint stiffness, swelling, and a grinding sensation.
Source: Verywell Health
Why Does Your Ankle Hurt? Common Causes and How They`re Treated
The most common ankle pain causes include sprains and tendonitis. Chronic conditions, infection, and wear and tear of the bones, muscles, and cartilage can also result in ankle pain. Treatment will depend on the cause and may include the RICE protocol (rest, ice, compression, elevation), physical therapy, medications, and in some cases, surgery.
Source: Verywell Health
Physical Therapy for a Broken Ankle
A broken ankle can severely limit your ability to perform basic functional tasks like running and walking. This painful injury can cause loss of lower extremity strength, range of motion, and pain. These impairments can make performing your normal everyday activities difficult or impossible.
Source: Verywell Health
Foot Anatomy and Causes of Pain
The foot is a complex structure made up of 28 bones, 33 joints, 19 muscles, over 100 tendons and ligaments, and thousands of nerve endings. These work together to allow you to walk, run, maintain balance, absorb impact, and bear upper body weight
Source: Verywell Health
Tendonitis of the Ankle and Foot
Foot or ankle tendonitis is a common cause of foot or ankle pain. The muscles of your leg, foot, and ankle are attached to the bone by tendons, which are strong, cord-like tissues.
Source: Verywell Health
Foot Problems: Causes of Growths, Pain, and New Symptoms
Foot problems run the gamut from blisters caused by wearing the wrong shoes to nonhealing foot ulcers caused by diabetes. Some foot problems are triggered by overuse and standing all day on the job, whereas others are linked to fungal or viral infections that cause unwanted growths.
Metatarsus Primus Varus
Metatarsus primus varus is a foot deformity that affects the angle of the bones of the big toe. The deformity usually develops during adulthood as a result of wearing tight shoes that place pressure on the bones of the big toe, and it can cause pain and swelling. It's also associated with a bunion, which is a bump on the side of the big toe.
Gout in the Ankle: Pain Relief, Symptoms, and Prevention
Pain relief for gout in the ankle involves medications and home care with rest, elevation, and ice. Early treatment helps relieve symptoms like intense pain, redness, and swelling.

